Tikvah
Editors’ Pick

June 26, 2025

An Outbreak of Austrian Anti-Semitism Helped to Create the First “Modern” Rabbi

Israel Isserlein and the beginning of the aharonim.

Traditional Talmud study makes an important distinction between two categories of commentators: the rishonim (“first ones”) and the aharonim (“latter ones”), terms that refer, respectively, to medieval and modern rabbis. While the exact chronology is imprecise, it’s abundantly clear that the talmudists of the 17th and 18th centuries saw their medieval predecessors as possessing greater authority than more recent sages.

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