Tikvah
Editors’ Pick

August 4, 2021

Emmy Noether Was Kept Out of German Universities First Because She Was a Woman, and Then Because She Was a Jew

Einstein called her a “creative mathematical genius.”

This year marked the 100th anniversary of the publication of a groundbreaking paper in the area of mathematics known as ring theory by a German Jew named Emmy Noether—whom Albert Einstein would later describe as a “creative mathematical genius.” When Noether completed her doctorate in 1909, at the age of twenty-seven, women were barred from the faculties of German universities. She only obtained a position as a lecturer in 1919. Tamar Lichter Blanks tells her story:

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