Tikvah
Editors’ Pick

September 19, 2022

How a Socialist Revolution in Southeastern Germany Inspired Hitler

Jewish socialists didn’t cause anti-Semitism; the events associated with them merely reactivated it.

In 1918, as the German empire collapsed in the midst of its defeat in the First World War, a socialist revolution took place in Bavaria, establishing the short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic. Shortly thereafter, this regime was overthrown by local Communists, whose repressive rule was subsequently ended by the German military and members of rightwing militias. The fact that Jews played leading roles in both these socialist governments—especially in the first, whose prime minister, Kurt Eisner, was a Jew—was not lost on their sympathizers. Nor was it lost on the National Socialists of Munich, the Bavarian capital, who in 1923 would attempt a revolution of their own in that city, directed by their new leader, Adolf Hitler.

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