Tikvah
Editors’ Pick

December 15, 2021

How Napoleon Transformed the Middle East

Three years of fighting in Egypt and the Land of Israel opened the door for modernity.

Last spring, the 200th anniversary of Napoleon Bonaparte’s death brought much reflection on his legacy, but little was said about his lasting impact on the Middle East. Even in the Arab world itself, the debate about his significance—which is not so different from that within Europe—has faded somewhat. But without a doubt, the three years that the French emperor spent conquering Egypt and launching attacks into Ottoman Palestine changed the region forever. Stephane Cohen writes:

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