Tikvah
Editors’ Pick

March 23, 2026

What Do Academic Scholars Know about the Talmud?

Making sense of the debates.

While there can be no doubt that the Babylonian Talmud (or Bavli) is the most important Jewish book since the completion of the Bible, academic scholars still debate some of the most basic questions about it. What precisely is its relationship with the Jerusalem Talmud (or Yerushalmi), completed in the late 4th century—about 200 years prior to the Babylonian—in the Galilee? Who composed the elusive stam, the book’s anonymous editorial voice that intervenes amid the flow of “Rabbi X said” and “Rabbi Y objected”? Should critical study take place at the level of the tractate? The sugya (a discussion of a single topic)? The memra (single statement)? 

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