Tikvah
Editors’ Pick

July 23, 2025

When the Gymnasium Was the Center of the Jewish Culture War

A temple to the body in Second Temple-era Jerusalem.

Today, when we think of the conflict between Athens and Jerusalem, we think of ancient philosophical differences. Yet, for the Jews of the 2nd century BCE, living under a culturally Greek empire and increasingly influenced by Hellenistic culture, the most manifest tension had to do with sports. That tension led to a controversy as fierce as any of the secular-religious tensions in modern day Israel when the Hellenophilic high priest Jason set up a gymnasium in Jerusalem. Shmuel Munitz writes:

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